Ph. D., 1955, Warsaw University. Docent, Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Labour History, and Central Archives of the PUWP. Since 1990, visiting professor at universities in Göttingen, Darmstadt, Freiburg and at Zentrum fur Antisemitismusforschung der TU Berlin. Director of the Institute of Jewish History in Warsaw, 1996-present.

Publications include: Several monographs and 16 volumes of archival sources on modern Polish and European Social History. In the 1990's several publications on the Holocaust in Poland. The Long Shadow of the Holocaust (1999). Editor-in-Chief of the series Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto (the Ringelblum Archives).