Ph. D., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1960. Head of Division of Holocaust Studies at Institute of Contemporary Jewry (ICJ), 1968-1995. Jona M. Machover Professor of Holocaust Studies at ICJ, 1977. Founding Chair of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA), Hebrew University, 1982-1995. Editor, Journal of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 1986-1995. Chair, International Institute for Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. Senior Academic Advisor for The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust. Member of the Israeli Academy of Science.

Publications include: My Brother's Keeper (1974), The Holocaust in Historical Perspective (1978), The Jewish Emergence from Powerlessness (1979), ed., The Holocaust as Historical Experience (1981), American Jewry and the Holocaust (1982), History of the Holocaust (1984), Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust (1988), Out of the Ashes (1989), Jews for Sale? (1995), Rethinking the Holocaust (2001). Numerous articles in scholarly journals and yearbooks.